.. DO NOT EDIT. .. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY. .. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE: .. "auto_examples/svm/plot_rbf_parameters.py" .. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW. .. only:: html .. note:: :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note :ref:`Go to the end ` to download the full example code. or to run this example in your browser via Binder .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title .. _sphx_glr_auto_examples_svm_plot_rbf_parameters.py: ================== RBF SVM parameters ================== This example illustrates the effect of the parameters ``gamma`` and ``C`` of the Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel SVM. Intuitively, the ``gamma`` parameter defines how far the influence of a single training example reaches, with low values meaning 'far' and high values meaning 'close'. The ``gamma`` parameters can be seen as the inverse of the radius of influence of samples selected by the model as support vectors. The ``C`` parameter trades off correct classification of training examples against maximization of the decision function's margin. For larger values of ``C``, a smaller margin will be accepted if the decision function is better at classifying all training points correctly. A lower ``C`` will encourage a larger margin, therefore a simpler decision function, at the cost of training accuracy. In other words ``C`` behaves as a regularization parameter in the SVM. The first plot is a visualization of the decision function for a variety of parameter values on a simplified classification problem involving only 2 input features and 2 possible target classes (binary classification). Note that this kind of plot is not possible to do for problems with more features or target classes. The second plot is a heatmap of the classifier's cross-validation accuracy as a function of ``C`` and ``gamma``. For this example we explore a relatively large grid for illustration purposes. In practice, a logarithmic grid from :math:`10^{-3}` to :math:`10^3` is usually sufficient. If the best parameters lie on the boundaries of the grid, it can be extended in that direction in a subsequent search. Note that the heat map plot has a special colorbar with a midpoint value close to the score values of the best performing models so as to make it easy to tell them apart in the blink of an eye. The behavior of the model is very sensitive to the ``gamma`` parameter. If ``gamma`` is too large, the radius of the area of influence of the support vectors only includes the support vector itself and no amount of regularization with ``C`` will be able to prevent overfitting. When ``gamma`` is very small, the model is too constrained and cannot capture the complexity or "shape" of the data. The region of influence of any selected support vector would include the whole training set. The resulting model will behave similarly to a linear model with a set of hyperplanes that separate the centers of high density of any pair of two classes. For intermediate values, we can see on the second plot that good models can be found on a diagonal of ``C`` and ``gamma``. Smooth models (lower ``gamma`` values) can be made more complex by increasing the importance of classifying each point correctly (larger ``C`` values) hence the diagonal of good performing models. Finally, one can also observe that for some intermediate values of ``gamma`` we get equally performing models when ``C`` becomes very large. This suggests that the set of support vectors does not change anymore. The radius of the RBF kernel alone acts as a good structural regularizer. Increasing ``C`` further doesn't help, likely because there are no more training points in violation (inside the margin or wrongly classified), or at least no better solution can be found. Scores being equal, it may make sense to use the smaller ``C`` values, since very high ``C`` values typically increase fitting time. On the other hand, lower ``C`` values generally lead to more support vectors, which may increase prediction time. Therefore, lowering the value of ``C`` involves a trade-off between fitting time and prediction time. We should also note that small differences in scores results from the random splits of the cross-validation procedure. Those spurious variations can be smoothed out by increasing the number of CV iterations ``n_splits`` at the expense of compute time. Increasing the value number of ``C_range`` and ``gamma_range`` steps will increase the resolution of the hyper-parameter heat map. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 77-81 .. code-block:: Python # Authors: The scikit-learn developers # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 82-84 Utility class to move the midpoint of a colormap to be around the values of interest. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 84-99 .. code-block:: Python import numpy as np from matplotlib.colors import Normalize class MidpointNormalize(Normalize): def __init__(self, vmin=None, vmax=None, midpoint=None, clip=False): self.midpoint = midpoint Normalize.__init__(self, vmin, vmax, clip) def __call__(self, value, clip=None): x, y = [self.vmin, self.midpoint, self.vmax], [0, 0.5, 1] return np.ma.masked_array(np.interp(value, x, y)) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 100-104 Load and prepare data set ------------------------- dataset for grid search .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 104-111 .. code-block:: Python from sklearn.datasets import load_iris iris = load_iris() X = iris.data y = iris.target .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 112-115 Dataset for decision function visualization: we only keep the first two features in X and sub-sample the dataset to keep only 2 classes and make it a binary classification problem. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 115-121 .. code-block:: Python X_2d = X[:, :2] X_2d = X_2d[y > 0] y_2d = y[y > 0] y_2d -= 1 .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 122-126 It is usually a good idea to scale the data for SVM training. We are cheating a bit in this example in scaling all of the data, instead of fitting the transformation on the training set and just applying it on the test set. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 126-133 .. code-block:: Python from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler scaler = StandardScaler() X = scaler.fit_transform(X) X_2d = scaler.fit_transform(X_2d) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 134-140 Train classifiers ----------------- For an initial search, a logarithmic grid with basis 10 is often helpful. Using a basis of 2, a finer tuning can be achieved but at a much higher cost. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 140-156 .. code-block:: Python from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV, StratifiedShuffleSplit from sklearn.svm import SVC C_range = np.logspace(-2, 10, 13) gamma_range = np.logspace(-9, 3, 13) param_grid = dict(gamma=gamma_range, C=C_range) cv = StratifiedShuffleSplit(n_splits=5, test_size=0.2, random_state=42) grid = GridSearchCV(SVC(), param_grid=param_grid, cv=cv) grid.fit(X, y) print( "The best parameters are %s with a score of %0.2f" % (grid.best_params_, grid.best_score_) ) .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-script-out .. code-block:: none The best parameters are {'C': np.float64(1.0), 'gamma': np.float64(0.1)} with a score of 0.97 .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 157-159 Now we need to fit a classifier for all parameters in the 2d version (we use a smaller set of parameters here because it takes a while to train) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 159-169 .. code-block:: Python C_2d_range = [1e-2, 1, 1e2] gamma_2d_range = [1e-1, 1, 1e1] classifiers = [] for C in C_2d_range: for gamma in gamma_2d_range: clf = SVC(C=C, gamma=gamma) clf.fit(X_2d, y_2d) classifiers.append((C, gamma, clf)) .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 170-174 Visualization ------------- draw visualization of parameter effects .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 174-197 .. code-block:: Python import matplotlib.pyplot as plt plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6)) xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-3, 3, 200), np.linspace(-3, 3, 200)) for k, (C, gamma, clf) in enumerate(classifiers): # evaluate decision function in a grid Z = clf.decision_function(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()]) Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape) # visualize decision function for these parameters plt.subplot(len(C_2d_range), len(gamma_2d_range), k + 1) plt.title("gamma=10^%d, C=10^%d" % (np.log10(gamma), np.log10(C)), size="medium") # visualize parameter's effect on decision function plt.pcolormesh(xx, yy, -Z, cmap=plt.cm.RdBu) plt.scatter(X_2d[:, 0], X_2d[:, 1], c=y_2d, cmap=plt.cm.RdBu_r, edgecolors="k") plt.xticks(()) plt.yticks(()) plt.axis("tight") scores = grid.cv_results_["mean_test_score"].reshape(len(C_range), len(gamma_range)) .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/svm/images/sphx_glr_plot_rbf_parameters_001.png :alt: gamma=10^-1, C=10^-2, gamma=10^0, C=10^-2, gamma=10^1, C=10^-2, gamma=10^-1, C=10^0, gamma=10^0, C=10^0, gamma=10^1, C=10^0, gamma=10^-1, C=10^2, gamma=10^0, C=10^2, gamma=10^1, C=10^2 :srcset: /auto_examples/svm/images/sphx_glr_plot_rbf_parameters_001.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 198-206 Draw heatmap of the validation accuracy as a function of gamma and C The score are encoded as colors with the hot colormap which varies from dark red to bright yellow. As the most interesting scores are all located in the 0.92 to 0.97 range we use a custom normalizer to set the mid-point to 0.92 so as to make it easier to visualize the small variations of score values in the interesting range while not brutally collapsing all the low score values to the same color. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 206-222 .. code-block:: Python plt.figure(figsize=(8, 6)) plt.subplots_adjust(left=0.2, right=0.95, bottom=0.15, top=0.95) plt.imshow( scores, interpolation="nearest", cmap=plt.cm.hot, norm=MidpointNormalize(vmin=0.2, midpoint=0.92), ) plt.xlabel("gamma") plt.ylabel("C") plt.colorbar() plt.xticks(np.arange(len(gamma_range)), gamma_range, rotation=45) plt.yticks(np.arange(len(C_range)), C_range) plt.title("Validation accuracy") plt.show() .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/svm/images/sphx_glr_plot_rbf_parameters_002.png :alt: Validation accuracy :srcset: /auto_examples/svm/images/sphx_glr_plot_rbf_parameters_002.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing **Total running time of the script:** (0 minutes 4.160 seconds) .. _sphx_glr_download_auto_examples_svm_plot_rbf_parameters.py: .. only:: html .. container:: sphx-glr-footer sphx-glr-footer-example .. container:: binder-badge .. image:: images/binder_badge_logo.svg :target: https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/main?urlpath=lab/tree/notebooks/auto_examples/svm/plot_rbf_parameters.ipynb :alt: Launch binder :width: 150 px .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: plot_rbf_parameters.ipynb ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python :download:`Download Python source code: plot_rbf_parameters.py ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-zip :download:`Download zipped: plot_rbf_parameters.zip ` .. include:: plot_rbf_parameters.recommendations .. only:: html .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_