.. DO NOT EDIT. .. THIS FILE WAS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY SPHINX-GALLERY. .. TO MAKE CHANGES, EDIT THE SOURCE PYTHON FILE: .. "auto_examples/neural_networks/plot_mlp_alpha.py" .. LINE NUMBERS ARE GIVEN BELOW. .. only:: html .. note:: :class: sphx-glr-download-link-note :ref:`Go to the end ` to download the full example code. or to run this example in your browser via Binder .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-example-title .. _sphx_glr_auto_examples_neural_networks_plot_mlp_alpha.py: ================================================ Varying regularization in Multi-layer Perceptron ================================================ A comparison of different values for regularization parameter 'alpha' on synthetic datasets. The plot shows that different alphas yield different decision functions. Alpha is a parameter for regularization term, aka penalty term, that combats overfitting by constraining the size of the weights. Increasing alpha may fix high variance (a sign of overfitting) by encouraging smaller weights, resulting in a decision boundary plot that appears with lesser curvatures. Similarly, decreasing alpha may fix high bias (a sign of underfitting) by encouraging larger weights, potentially resulting in a more complicated decision boundary. .. GENERATED FROM PYTHON SOURCE LINES 19-148 .. image-sg:: /auto_examples/neural_networks/images/sphx_glr_plot_mlp_alpha_001.png :alt: alpha 0.10, alpha 0.32, alpha 1.00, alpha 3.16, alpha 10.00, alpha 0.10, alpha 0.32, alpha 1.00, alpha 3.16, alpha 10.00, alpha 0.10, alpha 0.32, alpha 1.00, alpha 3.16, alpha 10.00 :srcset: /auto_examples/neural_networks/images/sphx_glr_plot_mlp_alpha_001.png :class: sphx-glr-single-img .. code-block:: Python # Authors: The scikit-learn developers # SPDX-License-Identifier: BSD-3-Clause import numpy as np from matplotlib import pyplot as plt from matplotlib.colors import ListedColormap from sklearn.datasets import make_circles, make_classification, make_moons from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split from sklearn.neural_network import MLPClassifier from sklearn.pipeline import make_pipeline from sklearn.preprocessing import StandardScaler h = 0.02 # step size in the mesh alphas = np.logspace(-1, 1, 5) classifiers = [] names = [] for alpha in alphas: classifiers.append( make_pipeline( StandardScaler(), MLPClassifier( solver="lbfgs", alpha=alpha, random_state=1, max_iter=2000, early_stopping=True, hidden_layer_sizes=[10, 10], ), ) ) names.append(f"alpha {alpha:.2f}") X, y = make_classification( n_features=2, n_redundant=0, n_informative=2, random_state=0, n_clusters_per_class=1 ) rng = np.random.RandomState(2) X += 2 * rng.uniform(size=X.shape) linearly_separable = (X, y) datasets = [ make_moons(noise=0.3, random_state=0), make_circles(noise=0.2, factor=0.5, random_state=1), linearly_separable, ] figure = plt.figure(figsize=(17, 9)) i = 1 # iterate over datasets for X, y in datasets: # split into training and test part X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split( X, y, test_size=0.4, random_state=42 ) x_min, x_max = X[:, 0].min() - 0.5, X[:, 0].max() + 0.5 y_min, y_max = X[:, 1].min() - 0.5, X[:, 1].max() + 0.5 xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, h), np.arange(y_min, y_max, h)) # just plot the dataset first cm = plt.cm.RdBu cm_bright = ListedColormap(["#FF0000", "#0000FF"]) ax = plt.subplot(len(datasets), len(classifiers) + 1, i) # Plot the training points ax.scatter(X_train[:, 0], X_train[:, 1], c=y_train, cmap=cm_bright) # and testing points ax.scatter(X_test[:, 0], X_test[:, 1], c=y_test, cmap=cm_bright, alpha=0.6) ax.set_xlim(xx.min(), xx.max()) ax.set_ylim(yy.min(), yy.max()) ax.set_xticks(()) ax.set_yticks(()) i += 1 # iterate over classifiers for name, clf in zip(names, classifiers): ax = plt.subplot(len(datasets), len(classifiers) + 1, i) clf.fit(X_train, y_train) score = clf.score(X_test, y_test) # Plot the decision boundary. For that, we will assign a color to each # point in the mesh [x_min, x_max] x [y_min, y_max]. if hasattr(clf, "decision_function"): Z = clf.decision_function(np.column_stack([xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()])) else: Z = clf.predict_proba(np.column_stack([xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()]))[:, 1] # Put the result into a color plot Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape) ax.contourf(xx, yy, Z, cmap=cm, alpha=0.8) # Plot also the training points ax.scatter( X_train[:, 0], X_train[:, 1], c=y_train, cmap=cm_bright, edgecolors="black", s=25, ) # and testing points ax.scatter( X_test[:, 0], X_test[:, 1], c=y_test, cmap=cm_bright, alpha=0.6, edgecolors="black", s=25, ) ax.set_xlim(xx.min(), xx.max()) ax.set_ylim(yy.min(), yy.max()) ax.set_xticks(()) ax.set_yticks(()) ax.set_title(name) ax.text( xx.max() - 0.3, yy.min() + 0.3, f"{score:.3f}".lstrip("0"), size=15, horizontalalignment="right", ) i += 1 figure.subplots_adjust(left=0.02, right=0.98) plt.show() .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-timing **Total running time of the script:** (0 minutes 1.864 seconds) .. _sphx_glr_download_auto_examples_neural_networks_plot_mlp_alpha.py: .. only:: html .. container:: sphx-glr-footer sphx-glr-footer-example .. container:: binder-badge .. image:: images/binder_badge_logo.svg :target: https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/scikit-learn/scikit-learn/main?urlpath=lab/tree/notebooks/auto_examples/neural_networks/plot_mlp_alpha.ipynb :alt: Launch binder :width: 150 px .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-jupyter :download:`Download Jupyter notebook: plot_mlp_alpha.ipynb ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-python :download:`Download Python source code: plot_mlp_alpha.py ` .. container:: sphx-glr-download sphx-glr-download-zip :download:`Download zipped: plot_mlp_alpha.zip ` .. include:: plot_mlp_alpha.recommendations .. only:: html .. rst-class:: sphx-glr-signature `Gallery generated by Sphinx-Gallery `_